The prescription of opioid medications such as morphine, fentanyl, and methadone for the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain has long been a legally and ethically challenging issue. Although these drugs are effective in controlling refractory pain, the risks of dependence, misuse, and the physical and psychological harms associated with their long-term use have raised serious concerns within the health system. From a legal perspective, striking a balance between the patient’s right to access effective treatment and the physician’s duty to prevent harm arising from inappropriate prescribing is of particular importance. In this regard, domestic and international regulations require physicians to adhere to principles of caution, informed consent, and continuous monitoring of treatment. Ethically, principles such as patient autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice must also be taken into account in therapeutic decision-making. Therefore, prescribing opioids for chronic non-cancer pain necessitates a precise balance between therapeutic benefits and potential risks and requires a coherent framework of legal, ethical, and clinical strategies to ensure the safe and responsible use of these medications. Accordingly, the present study seeks to examine this issue using a descriptive-analytical research method.